During the Kokoda Track campaign, these factors applied more-or-less equally to both belligerents but favoured the defender in attacks against well-fortified positions. Operations in Papua and New Guinea were severely hampered by terrain, vegetation, climate, disease and the lack of infrastructure these imposed significant logistical limitations. They had developed a strong network of well-concealed defences. The Japanese forces were skillful, well prepared and resolute in their defence. The Allied objective was to eject the Japanese forces from these positions and deny them their further use. Australian forces maintained contact as the Japanese conducted a well-ordered rearguard action. In light of developments in the Solomon Islands campaign, Japanese forces approaching Port Moresby were ordered to withdraw to and secure these bases on the northern coast. From these, the Japanese had launched an overland attack on Port Moresby. The battle was fought by Australian and United States forces against the Japanese beachheads at Buna, Sanananda and Gona. It followed the conclusion of the Kokoda Track campaign and lasted from 16 November 1942 until 22 January 1943. The battle of Buna–Gona was part of the New Guinea campaign in the Pacific Theatre during World War II.
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